--- fiber: cotton-poly-blend application: casualwear fiberDisplayName: Cotton-Polyester Blend applicationDisplayName: Casualwear targetAudience: Casual apparel brands, DTC labels glossaryLinks: - gsm - fabric-weight - colorfastness compareLink: null relatedApplications: - t-shirt-manufacturing - hoodies-sweatshirts - polo-shirts - workwear relatedFibers: - cotton - polyester - modal - bamboo - linen - tencel - viscose - tri-blend - hemp - acrylic --- # Cotton-Polyester Blend Yarn for Casualwear. **Fiber Guide · B2B Sourcing · Data-Driven** --- ## Hero Cotton-polyester blend is the most commercially significant fabric construction in mass-market casualwear — not because it is the most luxurious fiber, but because it solves real production and consumer problems simultaneously. A 65/35 CVC (chief value cotton) blend delivers the hand feel and breathability that casual wear consumers expect from cotton, while the polyester fraction cuts shrinkage from the 5–8% typical of 100% cotton down to 1–3% and boosts tensile strength by 30–45% over equivalent ring-spun cotton constructions. For brands building SKU ranges above 500 units per style, the dimensional stability alone reduces fit complaints and return rates in a measurable way. Yarn counts in the 24s–30s Ne range are standard for casualwear, producing fabrics in the 160–220 GSM window that covers the full lightweight-to-midweight casual segment. --- ## At a Glance **The comparison, summarised.** | Dimension | Rating | Why | |---|---|---| | Softness / Hand Feel | 7/10 | CVC (65% cotton) blends deliver acceptable softness for everyday wear — noticeably softer than 100% polyester but not comparable to ring-spun combed cotton. Hand feel degrades slightly after 20+ wash cycles as polyester surface emerges. | | Durability / Abrasion Resistance | 8/10 | Polyester fibres have a tenacity of 4.5–5.8 cN/tex versus cotton's 3.0–4.5 cN/tex. In blended constructions, this translates to significantly better seam integrity and fabric abrasion resistance under repeated wear, critical for casualwear used daily. | | Colour Retention / Colorfastness | 7.5/10 | Reactive dyes on the cotton fraction and disperse dyes on the polyester fraction can be applied in a single bath (thermosol or pad-batch process), yielding wash fastness ratings of 4–4.5 on a 5-point scale. Colour consistency batch-to-batch is tighter than 100% cotton due to polyester's lower dye absorption variability. | | Breathability / Moisture Management | 6/10 | Cotton fraction provides adequate moisture absorption (8% moisture regain), but polyester reduces air permeability. In a 65/35 blend at 180 GSM, air permeability typically reads 80–120 cm³/cm²/s — functional for casual everyday use but not suitable for activewear or humid-climate heavy use. | | Stretch & Recovery | 4/10 | Standard CVC/TC blends have minimal inherent stretch. Adding 3–5% spandex to the construction moves recovery to a practical level, but plain cotton-poly blends are dimensional rather than elastic — fine for relaxed-fit casualwear, limiting for slim-fit constructions. | | Cost Efficiency | 9/10 | Cotton-poly blend yarn at 65/35 runs ₹180–240/kg in Indian markets versus ₹280–360/kg for equivalent combed cotton. The cost advantage compounds with lower shrinkage wastage and fewer replacement returns over the garment lifecycle. | | Sustainability / Eco Credentials | 4.5/10 | The polyester fraction is petroleum-derived and non-biodegradable. Recycled polyester options exist but add 12–18% to yarn cost. GOTS certification is unavailable for conventional cotton-poly blends due to the synthetic content. | | Ease of Care / Wash Durability | 9/10 | Wrinkle recovery angle of blended fabrics typically measures 240–280° (warp + weft combined) versus 180–220° for 100% cotton. This translates to low-iron or no-iron performance that consumer casualwear buyers actively want — a genuine commercial advantage. | --- ## Why Cotton-Polyester Blend for Casualwear **What makes cotton-poly blend the right choice for casualwear.** **01. Dimensional Stability Across Large Production Runs** The single biggest operational problem in 100% cotton casualwear production is managing shrinkage across colour ways and fabric lots. Ring-spun 100% cotton knitted at 180 GSM will shrink 5–8% in length and 3–5% in width after the first wash, requiring pre-shrinkage treatment (compaction/sanforisation) that adds cost and processing time without eliminating the problem entirely. A 65/35 CVC blend at the same GSM shrinks 1.5–3% in length and 1–2% in width. The mechanism is straightforward: polyester fibres have near-zero moisture absorption (0.4% moisture regain versus cotton's 8.5%), so the dimensional changes driven by fibre swelling during washing are significantly dampened when polyester constitutes 35% of the yarn structure. For a brand running 2,000-piece casualwear batches across 6–8 colourways, this means consistent graded sizes, fewer fit deviations between washes, and fewer customer returns citing "the shirt shrunk." That return-rate difference is worth more than the cotton price premium for most DTC brands. **02. Colour Consistency at Scale** Batch-to-batch colour consistency is a production metric that rarely shows up in fibre marketing materials but dominates the conversation in any quality briefing between a brand and their CMT vendor. Cotton-poly blends achieve tighter Delta E colour deviation (typically ΔE < 1.5 for reactive + disperse dual dyeing) compared to 100% cotton lots where ΔE of 2.0–3.5 is common due to natural fibre variability. The polyester fraction acts as a relatively inert, consistent dye receptor — disperse dyes bond to it under defined temperature and pressure conditions that are highly reproducible. When you are running 5,000 units of a navy-coloured casualwear t-shirt, getting consistent navy across all 5,000 units matters commercially. The blend's dyeing predictability is a genuine advantage over natural fibre-only constructions at production scale. **03. Wrinkle Resistance Without Finishing Chemicals** Casualwear brands selling DTC or through fashion retail need a garment that looks presentable after washing without ironing. Achieving this in 100% cotton requires resin finishing (DMDHEU or similar cross-linking agents), which introduces formaldehyde-adjacent chemistry, reduces breathability, and adds cost. Cotton-poly blend achieves comparable or better wrinkle recovery naturally through the polyester fraction's elastic recovery properties — polyester fibres return to shape after deformation due to their thermoplastic molecular structure. A 65/35 CVC fabric at 180 GSM typically shows wrinkle recovery angles of 250–275° (combined), meeting the practical low-iron threshold without chemical finishing. This matters for brands targeting sustainability-conscious consumers — no resin finish means cleaner chemistry labelling. **04. Cost-Per-Wear Economics at Mid-Market** The economics argument for cotton-poly blend is not simply that it is cheaper per kilogram (though it is) — it is that the cost advantage distributes across the garment lifecycle in ways that matter for mid-market casualwear brands. Blend yarn at 65/35 costs approximately 35–40% less per kg than equivalent combed cotton. A basic 180 GSM t-shirt uses roughly 180–210 grams of fabric, meaning the raw material saving per garment is ₹15–22. At high volumes, that is significant contribution margin. Additionally, the blend's superior abrasion resistance (Martindale pilling grade 3.5–4 versus cotton's 3–3.5 for equivalent constructions) means the garment maintains presentable appearance longer, reducing churn and replacement frequency — which matters for customer lifetime value metrics in subscription-adjacent or repeat-purchase casualwear categories. --- ## Technical Specifications **Manufacturing specs for Cotton-Polyester Blend Casualwear.** **GSM Range** - Lightweight casualwear (summer tees, basic crew necks): 150–175 GSM - Standard casualwear (everyday t-shirts, casual polos): 175–200 GSM - Mid-weight casualwear (relaxed-fit shirts, layering pieces): 200–230 GSM - Heavy casualwear (structured casual tops, casual overshirts): 230–260 GSM CVC blends (65% cotton) are preferred for the 150–200 GSM range where cotton hand feel is a primary specification. TC blends (65% polyester) are typically used for 200+ GSM applications where durability and cost are prioritised over softness. **Yarn Count** - 30s–40s Ne single: Standard for lightweight casualwear; produces smooth surface with acceptable softness - 24s–30s Ne single: Standard for mid-weight casual constructions; slightly heavier hand - 20s–24s Ne: Used for casual fleece-back constructions and structured casual tops - Ring-spun preferred over open-end (OE) spun for CVC; OE is acceptable for TC blends in cost-driven programs **Knit Construction** - Single jersey: Most common; 160–180 GSM; good drapability for t-shirts and casual basics - Interlock: 200–240 GSM; better dimensional stability, preferred for polo-style casual shirts - Piqué: 200–240 GSM; textured surface; excellent for casual polo shirts with better moisture wicking - French terry: 220–280 GSM; loop-back construction for casual sweatshirts; CVC preferred for surface softness **Shrinkage** - 65/35 CVC: Length 2–3.5%, Width 1.5–2.5% (post-sanforisation, per ISO 6330) - 50/50 blend: Length 1.5–2.5%, Width 1–2% - 35/65 TC: Length 1–2%, Width 0.8–1.5% **Pilling Resistance** - 65/35 CVC: Grade 3.5–4.0 (Martindale, ISO 12945-2) - 50/50: Grade 4.0–4.5 - Note: Higher polyester content improves pilling resistance but introduces a more synthetic surface texture **Colorfastness** - Wash fastness (ISO 105-C06): 4–4.5 - Light fastness (ISO 105-B02): 4–5 (disperse component on polyester fraction is inherently light-stable) - Rubbing — dry (ISO 105-X12): 4–4.5 - Rubbing — wet: 3.5–4 **Tensile Strength** - Single jersey CVC 180 GSM: Warp direction ~350–420 N, Weft ~280–340 N (ISO 13934-1) - Tear strength: Warp 45–65 N, Weft 35–55 N (ISO 13937-2) **MOQ Guidance** - Yarn: Minimum 500 kg per count × blend ratio combination at most Indian spinning mills - Fabric (from knitting vendor): 800–1,200 metres per GSM × construction combination - Garment (CMT): 300–500 pieces per style × colour at most casualwear CMT factories; larger factories require 800–1,200 pieces minimum --- ## Manufacturing & Sourcing Considerations **What to know before you source.** **Knitting Machine Requirements** CVC and TC blend yarns knit well on standard circular knitting machines (14–28 gauge depending on yarn count and GSM target). For single jersey at 30s Ne, 24-gauge machines are standard. Interlock construction requires double-jersey machines (typically 24-gauge). Machine operators familiar with 100% cotton will find blend yarns slightly more forgiving — consistent tension is less critical because polyester's lower elongation at break (20–25% versus cotton's 7–8%) means the yarn is less prone to breakage during tension spikes. **Dyeing Compatibility** This is the critical technical complexity of cotton-poly blend dyeing. The two fibre types require different dye classes: - Cotton fraction: Reactive dyes (Procion, Remazol types); requires alkali fixation at 60–80°C - Polyester fraction: Disperse dyes; requires high-temperature treatment at 130°C under pressure Two primary processes exist: 1. **Two-bath dyeing**: Cotton dyed first with reactive dyes, then polyester dyed with disperse dyes at high temperature. Better colour matching control, higher cost and energy use. 2. **One-bath two-step (thermosol)**: Both dye types applied in single bath; polyester fixed at high temperature first, then cotton fixed at lower temperature. More efficient but requires tighter process control to avoid reactive dye degradation. Avoid pad-batch process for deep shades on CVC — the reactive dye yield on the cotton fraction is lower, producing lighter-than-expected shades. **Finishing Processes** - Bio-polishing (cellulase enzyme): Recommended for CVC to improve surface smoothness and reduce pilling on the cotton fraction. Apply after dyeing, before softening. - Softening: Silicone softeners work well on both fibre types. Avoid cationic softeners if reactive dyes were used — they can cause colour changes. - Anti-pilling finish: Not usually required for CVC casualwear if bio-polishing is applied. Consider for 50/50 blends which can develop moderate pilling on the polyester surface. - Compaction (sanforisation): Essential for all cotton-poly blends to reduce residual shrinkage to acceptable levels. **Quality Control Checkpoints** 1. Yarn blend ratio verification at grey stage (burn test or fibre separation gravimetric analysis — ISO 1833 series) 2. GSM measurement pre and post wash (3 wash cycles per ISO 6330) 3. Shade matching at dye house: Both cotton and polyester fractions must achieve target shade; check for "two-tone" effect under fluorescent vs. natural light (metamerism) 4. Pilling assessment at fabric stage, not just garment stage 5. Dimensional stability (shrinkage) testing on pilot pieces before bulk cut **Common Production Pitfalls** - **Two-tone/bi-colour effect**: When cotton and polyester fractions take dye differently, the blend appears as two slightly different shades. Most visible in medium tones (greys, khakis). Mitigation: select dyes with matching depth curves across both fibre types. - **Uneven shrinkage**: If blend ratio varies between yarn cones (within-lot variation), different garment pieces will shrink at different rates. Check blend ratio consistency at incoming inspection. - **Softener migration**: Some silicone softeners migrate to fabric surface over time in storage, creating sticky handle. Specify finish stability requirements to your wet processor. **Lead Times** - Yarn to grey fabric: 3–5 weeks - Fabric dyeing and finishing: 2–3 weeks - Garment CMT: 2–4 weeks depending on batch size - Total typical timeline from yarn order to finished garment: 8–12 weeks **Key Sourcing Regions** India (Tiruppur, Surat), Bangladesh (Dhaka-Gazipur corridor), Pakistan (Faisalabad), Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh province) — all have mature cotton-poly blend supply chains. Tiruppur specifically has the densest concentration of CVC-specialist knitting and dyeing units globally. --- ## Trade-Offs — Honest Assessment **Every fibre has limits. Here's the full picture.** **Strengths** - **Shrinkage control without extensive pre-treatment**: 65/35 CVC achieves 2–3% shrinkage versus 5–8% for 100% cotton without requiring additional sanforisation passes. Fewer processing steps, lower risk. - **Superior wash durability**: Polyester fibres retain their structural integrity through 50+ wash cycles where cotton-only constructions show measurable GSM loss and pilling onset. A 180 GSM CVC garment measured at 172–175 GSM after 50 home washes; equivalent 100% cotton drops to 158–165 GSM. - **Wrinkle recovery without chemical finishing**: Natural wrinkle resistance from the polyester fraction means no resin finishing is required, keeping garment chemistry cleaner and breathability higher. - **Cost advantage compounding with scale**: The ₹15–22 per garment raw material advantage over combed cotton becomes ₹75,000–110,000 savings on a 5,000-unit run — material enough to change margin decisions on mid-market casualwear. - **Colour lot consistency**: Tighter ΔE tolerances (< 1.5) versus 100% cotton (ΔE 2.0–3.5) reduce reject rates in large production runs and improve cross-lot matching when restocking colourways. - **Abrasion resistance**: Martindale pilling grade 3.5–4.0 versus cotton's 3.0–3.5, relevant for casualwear garments worn against bags, seat belts, and similar abrasive surfaces. **Limitations** - **Hand feel ceiling**: CVC blends do not match the tactile quality of 30s combed ring-spun 100% cotton. The polyester fraction creates a subtly synthetic surface texture that becomes more noticeable after repeated washing as cotton fibre tips erode. Brands positioning on premium softness should not use CVC above 65/35 cotton-to-polyester ratios. - **Sustainability positioning constraints**: The polyester fraction prevents GOTS certification and complicates recycling — blended fibres cannot be mechanically separated for textile-to-textile recycling at current commercial scale. Brands building strong sustainability narratives face an authenticity problem with cotton-poly blend, and sophisticated consumers increasingly identify blend content on care labels. - **Dyeing complexity adds process risk**: Two-dye-class dyeing is substantially more complex than single-dye-class (e.g., reactive-only for 100% cotton). When dye houses without adequate CVC experience handle blend fabrics, two-tone effects and uneven shade depth are common failures. Sourcing from specialist CVC dye houses is non-negotiable. - **Moisture feel under exertion**: In warmer climates or during physical activity, the polyester fraction's low moisture absorption (0.4% regain) means sweat stays on skin longer. For casualwear used in active-adjacent scenarios (light walking, travel), this creates perceptible clamminess. Brands targeting active-lifestyle positioning should consider moisture-wicking finishes or alternative fibre choices. --- ## Cost Analysis **The economics of Cotton-Polyester Blend for Casualwear.** **Yarn Price Range (India, 2024 indicative)** - 65/35 CVC 30s Ne ring-spun: ₹185–225/kg - 50/50 blend 30s Ne: ₹200–240/kg - Combed 100% cotton 30s Ne (equivalent): ₹280–340/kg - 100% polyester 30s Ne: ₹130–160/kg **Fabric Cost (Grey, Knitted)** - CVC 65/35 single jersey, 180 GSM: ₹280–330/kg (grey) - Post-dyeing and finishing: ₹420–500/kg - Per garment fabric consumption (180 GSM t-shirt): ~190–210 grams - Fabric cost per garment: ₹85–110 **Cost-Per-Garment vs Alternatives** | Fiber | Fabric ₹/garment | CMT | Total COGS | Retail at 5x | |---|---|---|---|---| | CVC 65/35 | ₹90–110 | ₹80–100 | ₹170–210 | ₹850–1,050 | | 100% combed cotton | ₹130–160 | ₹80–100 | ₹210–260 | ₹1,050–1,300 | | 100% polyester | ₹65–80 | ₹80–100 | ₹145–180 | ₹725–900 | | Modal blend (50/50) | ₹160–200 | ₹80–100 | ₹240–300 | ₹1,200–1,500 | **Cost-Per-Wear Calculation** Assuming a CVC casualwear t-shirt retailing at ₹899 with a 60-wash lifespan (verified fabric integrity at standard home washing per ISO 6330): - Cost per wear: ₹899 ÷ 60 = ₹15.0/wear - 100% cotton at ₹1,099, 45-wash practical lifespan (pilling onset at ~40 washes): ₹24.4/wear - CVC delivers 39% lower cost-per-wear versus cotton at comparable construction **ROI for Brand Owners** Brands switching from 100% cotton to CVC for basic casualwear programs typically see: 15–20% COGS reduction on fabric, 0.8–1.5% return rate reduction (driven by shrinkage improvement), and 8–12% increase in margin at equivalent retail price. The ROI is strongest in high-volume basics programs (above 2,000 units per style) where the yield and consistency advantages compound. --- ## Sustainability Profile **Environmental and ethical considerations.** Cotton-poly blend occupies an uncomfortable middle ground on sustainability metrics. The cotton fraction carries the agriculture-level impacts of conventional cotton — approximately 10,000–20,000 litres of water per kg of cotton fibre (conventional, rain-fed to irrigated range), plus pesticide and fertiliser loads unless organic certification is used. The polyester fraction adds petrochemical extraction and processing impacts — approximately 2.5–3.0 kg CO₂ equivalent per kg of virgin PET polyester yarn. **Available Certifications** - OEKO-TEX Standard 100: Available and relevant — certifies absence of harmful substances; achievable for cotton-poly blends - BCI (Better Cotton Initiative): Applies to the cotton fraction only; does not address polyester content - GOTS: Not available — requires ≥70% certified organic natural fibres; polyester content disqualifies conventional blends - GRS (Global Recycled Standard): Applicable if recycled polyester is used in the blend - Bluesign: Applicable for production chemistry compliance **Biodegradability / End-of-Life** Blended fabrics are the most problematic category for end-of-life recycling. Mechanical recycling of blended yarns produces degraded fibre quality; chemical recycling (capable of separating fibre types) is commercially emerging but not yet at scale. As textile EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) regulations expand in India and the EU, blend fabrics will face increasing end-of-life compliance costs. Brands building long-horizon product lines should factor this into material selection decisions now. **Consumer Perception** In the Indian DTC casualwear market, consumer awareness of blend ratios is low but increasing. Sustainability-oriented consumers (approximately 18–22% of DTC fashion buyers by 2024 survey data) are more likely to read care labels and fibre content. For brands targeting this segment, the polyester fraction in CVC creates messaging friction. Mass-market casualwear buyers show no meaningful preference for or against cotton-poly blends based on fibre content disclosures. --- ## FAQ **Cotton-Polyester Blend for Casualwear — answered.** **1. What makes cotton-poly blend better or worse than 100% cotton for casualwear?** Better: Shrinkage is 1.5–3% versus 5–8% for 100% cotton, wash durability is measurably higher (50+ wash integrity versus ~40 for cotton), wrinkle resistance is significantly better without chemical finishing, and cost is 35–40% lower per kg of yarn. Worse: hand feel, particularly after 20+ washes, falls below good-quality combed cotton. Sustainability positioning is constrained — no GOTS certification possible. For value-tier and mid-market casualwear, the blend advantages outweigh the limitations. For premium softness positioning, 100% combed cotton or Supima is the better call. **2. What is the minimum order quantity for cotton-poly blend casualwear fabric?** Most Indian knitting vendors specialising in CVC blends will accept grey fabric orders from 800–1,200 metres per GSM and construction combination. Dye houses typically require 500–800 kg minimum per shade for economic dyeing. At the garment level, most Tiruppur CMT factories working in cotton-poly blends accept 300–500 pieces per style per colour. If you are below 300 pieces, expect either premium CMT pricing or rejection from quality vendors. Bangladesh vendors generally require 800–1,200 pieces minimum per colour. **3. How does cotton-poly blend casualwear perform after 30+ wash cycles?** CVC 65/35 at 180 GSM retains 93–96% of original GSM after 30 wash cycles (ISO 6330, 40°C domestic). Colorfastness to washing holds at grade 4–4.5 (slight greyness of staining). Pilling typically reaches grade 3.5 (minor pilling) by wash 25–30 on the cotton surface, which is acceptable for everyday casualwear but visible if you are comparing to a fresh garment. Dimensional stability remains excellent — shrinkage increments after the first 3 washes are negligible (< 0.5%). Overall, cotton-poly blend casualwear is more wash-durable than 100% cotton at equivalent GSM. **4. What GSM should I specify for cotton-poly blend casualwear?** For standard everyday t-shirts: 175–195 GSM in CVC 65/35. This weight gives adequate opacity (avoiding show-through), good hand, and efficient fabric yield. If you are in a hot climate market (India, Southeast Asia), consider 160–175 GSM for better breathability. For casual shirts or relaxed structured tops, 200–220 GSM adds body without excessive weight. Avoid specifying above 220 GSM for CVC casualwear unless you are specifically targeting heavyweight fashion styling — at that weight, a French terry or interlock construction adds more value than simply increasing GSM in single jersey. **5. Is cotton-poly blend suitable for printing-intensive casualwear programs?** Yes, but with caveats. Screen printing performs well on CVC single jersey — the relatively smooth surface produces sharp registration. Reactive discharge printing (common in casualwear for vintage aesthetics) works only on the cotton fraction, so discharge prints on CVC blends produce a two-tone effect (discharged cotton areas appear lighter; polyester areas retain original dye). This is often used intentionally for distressed effects but must be specified deliberately. Digital (DTG) printing: ink adhesion on polyester fraction is lower than on cotton — pre-treatment optimization is required; test before bulk. **6. What certifications should I look for when sourcing cotton-poly blend yarn for casualwear?** Minimum: OEKO-TEX Standard 100 from the yarn or fabric supplier — confirms no restricted substances including certain azo dyes, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. For the cotton fraction: BCI or organic cotton certification (GOTS on the cotton component only, though the finished blend cannot carry GOTS). For the polyester fraction: GRS certification if using recycled PET. Ask vendors for dyehouse compliance with ZDHC MRSL (Manufacturing Restricted Substances List) — this is increasingly required by global brands and retail platforms for market access. **7. How does cotton-poly blend handle colour-blocking and multi-panel casualwear designs?** Colour consistency between panels cut from the same fabric lot is good (ΔE < 1.5 within a lot). The challenge arises in restocking — matching exact shade across production lots is harder for cotton fractions (natural fibre variability) than for the polyester fraction. For colour-blocking designs that require exact shade matching between panels, specify a maximum ΔE tolerance of 1.0 in your technical pack and require lot-level shade approval before cut. TC blends (65% polyester) will give better shade lot-to-lot consistency than CVC for programmes with frequent reorders. **8. What is the typical lead time for cotton-poly blend casualwear orders?** From fabric order to finished garment: 10–14 weeks for a standard CVC casualwear program in India. Breakdown: yarn procurement 1–2 weeks (assuming in-stock counts), knitting 2–3 weeks, dyeing and finishing 2–3 weeks, garment CMT 3–4 weeks, QC and packing 1 week. Expedited programs (premium pricing) can compress to 8–9 weeks. Bangladesh and Vietnam have similar timelines for established programs; new style development adds 2–4 weeks for sampling. Pre-positioning grey fabric inventory reduces in-season lead time to 5–7 weeks for repeat styles. --- ## Related Links **Related Applications for Cotton-Polyester Blend** - t-shirt-manufacturing - hoodies-sweatshirts - polo-shirts - workwear **Alternative Fibers for Casualwear** - cotton - polyester - modal - bamboo - linen - tencel - viscose - tri-blend - hemp - acrylic **Glossary Terms** - gsm - fabric-weight - colorfastness